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Eusapia Palladino
Eusapia Palladino (alternate spelling: ''Paladino''; 21 January 1854 – 16 May 1918) was an Italian Spiritualist physical medium.〔Georgess McHargue. (1972). ''Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement''. Doubleday. p. 136. ISBN 978-0385053051〕〔Rosemary Ellen Guiley. (1994). ''The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits''. Guinness Publishing. p. 242. ISBN 978-0851127484〕 She claimed to possess extraordinary powers such as levitating tables and communicating with the dead through her spirit guide John King, and other related supernatural phenomena. She convinced many of her powers, but was caught in deceptive trickery throughout her career.〔Joseph Jastrow. (1918). (''The Psychology of Conviction'' ). Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 101-127〕〔Walter Mann. (1919). (''The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism'' ). Rationalist Association. London: Watts & Co. pp. 115-130〕〔Ernest Hilgard. (1967). ''Introduction to Psychology''. Harcourt, Brace and Company. p. 243. ISBN 978-0155436381 "Eusapia Palladino was a medium who was able to make a table move and produce other effects, such as tapping sounds, by the aid of a "spirit" called John King. Investigated repeatedly between 1893 and 1910, she convinced many distinguished scientists of her powers, including the distinguished Italian criminologist Lombroso and the British physicist Sir Oliver Lodge. She was caught in deceptive trickery as early as 1895, and the results were published. Yet believers continued to support her genuineness, as some do today, even though in an American investigation in 1910, her trickery was abundantly exposed. Two investigators, dressed in black, crawled under the table unobserved and were able to see exactly how she used her foot to create the "supernatural" phenomena."〕〔Milbourne Christopher. (1971). ''ESP, Seers & Psychics''. Crowell. pp. 188-204. ISBN 978-0690268157〕
Magicians and skeptics who evaluated her claims concluded that none of her phenomena was genuine and she was a clever trickster.〔Harry Houdini. (2011, originally published in 1924). ''A Magician Among the Spirits''. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50-65. ISBN 978-1108027489〕〔Joseph Rinn. (1950). ''Sixty Years of Psychical Research: Houdini and I Among the Spiritualists''. Truth Seeker Company. pp. 272-356〕〔C. E. M. Hansel. (1980). ''ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Re-Evaluation''. Prometheus Books. pp. 58-64. ISBN 978-0879751197〕〔Massimo Polidoro. (2003). ''Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims''. Prometheus Books. pp. 62-96. ISBN 978-1591020868〕
Her Warsaw séances at the turn of 1893–94 inspired several colorful scenes in the historical novel ''Pharaoh'', which Bolesław Prus began writing in 1894.
==Early life==
Palladino was born into a peasant family in Minervino Murge, Bari Province, Italy. She received little, if any, formal education.〔Paul Kurtz. (1985). ''A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology''. Prometheus Books. p. 196. ISBN 0-87975-300-5〕〔M. Brady Brower. (2010). ''Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena in Modern France''. University of Illinois Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-252-03564-7〕 Orphaned as a child, she was taken in as a nursemaid by a family in Naples. In her early life, she was married to a travelling conjuror and theatrical artist Raphael Delgaiz whose store she helped to manage.〔Baron Johan Liljencrants. (1918). ''Spiritism and Religion: A Moral Study''. Catholic University of America. p. 39〕〔D. H. Rawcliffe. (1988). ''Occult and Supernatural Phenomena''. Dover Publications. p. 321〕 Palladino later married a wine merchant, Francesco Niola.〔Henry-Louis de La Grange. (2008). ''Gustav Mahler: A New Life Cut Short (1907-1911)''. Oxford University Press. p. 610. ISBN 978-0198163879〕
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